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仏陀(ブッダ)はたとえ一人でも人間が苦しんでいる限り自分は幸福ではありえないと述べた、と言われている。これは物事を極端に推し進めたものであり,文字通りにとれば行き過ぎであろう。しかし,それは私がここで述べている「感情の普遍化」をよく例証している。
Buddha is said to have asserted that he could not be happy so long as even one human being was suffering. This is carrying things to an extreme and, if taken literally, would be excessive, but it illustrates that universalizing of feeling of which I am speaking.
Source: Bertrand Russell: A Philosophy of Our Time (1953)
More info.:https://russell-j.com/beginner/1026_PfOT-020.HTM
<寸言>
「本日のラッセルの言葉」のなかで「一人でも人間が苦しんでいる限り」という訳は、ここで苦しむと言っているのは人間に決まっているので、「人間が」という言葉は不要だと思うでしょうか? 私も一瞬そう思いましたが、いや「人間」という言葉を入れたほうがよいかも知れないと思い、ChatGPTと対話してみました。次のように、ChatGPTも入れた方がよいとの見解でした。
<ChatGPTの応答>
結論から言うと、ラッセルの原文が "even one human being"とわざわざ "human being" と明記している以上、「人間が」という語を あえて訳出することには意味があります。ただし、文脈や読者の受け取り方によっては、省略したほうが日本語として自然に響く場合もあります。
* 分析:なぜ human being を明記したのか?
ラッセルが "even one human being" と書いたことから、以下のような含意が考えられます:
「他の動物ではなく、人間の苦しみに焦点を当てている」
ブッダの逸話を通して、「感情の普遍化(universalizing of feeling)」が 人間社会全体に及ぶ ことを示している。
動物まで含めると、文字通り「誰かが苦しんでいる限り幸福にはなれない」は実現不可能に近く、たとえ話としての意味がぼやけてしまう。
「人間の苦しみ」を共有するという、人間中心的な倫理観を想定している
当時の倫理観、あるいはラッセルのこの文脈では、対象は人間であることが重要だった可能性があります。
In today's "Russell's Words of the Day," you might wonder whether the phrase "so long as even one human being was suffering" really needs the words "human being," since it seems obvious that the suffering being referred to here is a human. I thought the same for a moment, but then I started to feel that perhaps including the words "human being" might actually be better, so I asked ChatGPT about it.
As you can see below, ChatGPT also concluded that including the phrase is preferable.
** ChatGPT's response **
To put it simply, since Russell's original text explicitly says "so long as even one human being was suffering," it is meaningful to deliberately include "人間が" (human being) in the translation. That said, depending on the context and how the reader interprets it, omitting it might sound more natural in Japanese.
Analysis: Why does Russell explicitly say "human being"?
Because he uses the phrase "so long as even one human being was suffering," several implications can be drawn:
The focus is specifically on human suffering, not that of animals.
Through the story of Buddha, Russell illustrates how the universalization of feeling applies to human society as a whole.
If animals were included as well, the idea that one cannot be happy so long as anyone is suffering becomes nearly impossible to realize, and the parable loses clarity.
He presumes a human-centered ethical view, in which the sharing of human suffering is central.
In Russell's time, or in this particular context, emphasizing that the subject is human may have been essential.