バートランド・ラッセル『ヒューマン・ソサエティ-倫理学から政治学へ』13-06- Human Society in Ethics and Politics, 1954
* 原著:Human Society in Ethics and Politics, 1954* 邦訳書:バートランド・ラッセル(著),勝部真長・長谷川鑛平(共訳)『ヒューマン・ソサエティ-倫理学から政治学へ』(玉川大学出版部,1981年7月刊。268+x pp.)
『ヒューマン・ソサエティ』第13章:倫理的制裁 n.6 |
Human Society in Ethics and Politics, 1954, chapter 13: Ethical Sanctions, n.6 | |||
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There is, in fact, no method by which we can make sure that everybody will always be virtuous. The question of sanctions is therefore quantitative. Some systems produce more virtue, and some less; some ethical doctrines are more conducive to socially desirable conduct, and others less. Broadly speaking, one may say that the object of the moralist and of the politician should be to produce the greatest possible conformity of individual and general satisfaction, so that as far as may be the acts to which a man is prompted by pursuit of his own satisfaction are those which bring satisfaction to others. How far such conformity will exist in any given society depends upon various factors, of which three may be singled out as specially important. They are: (a) the social system; (b) the nature of individual desires; and (c) the canons of praise and blame. Of these three, the social system is probably the most important. It is obvious that people behave differently in an anarchic community, such as a mining town during a gold-rush, from the way in which they behave in a community where the criminal law is effective and well established. It is obvious also that different communities offer different opportunities for personal success. If you are one of a gang of pirates, the methods by which you become their leader are quite different from those which you must pursue if you are a Fellow of a College and wish to become its Head. In a well ordered community, personal success will be the reward of actions that are generally useful; whereas, in an anarchic community, they will be the reward of cunning, brutality and quick violence. But this is a large subject which I will not pursue further at present. |