バートランド・ラッセル『ヒューマン・ソサエティ-倫理学から政治学へ』- Human Society in Ethics and Politics, 1954
* 原著:Human Society in Ethics and Politics, 1954* 邦訳書:バートランド・ラッセル(著),勝部真長・長谷川鑛平(共訳)『ヒューマン・ソサエティ-倫理学から政治学へ』(玉川大学出版部,1981年7月刊。268+x pp.)
『ヒューマン・ソサエティ』第6章:道徳的義務 n.29 |
Human Society in Ethics and Politics, 1954, chapter 6: Moral obligation, n.29 | |||
もっと説得力のある反論を探すと、知的なもの、あるいは感情に基礎を置くものが見つかるかもしれない。知的な反論としては、"罪 "は誤った概念であると主張することができる、 なぜなら、すべての人の行為はその人の置かれた状況によって決定されるからである。感情的には、私達は自分自身の中に、公平性という否定的な感情か、普遍的な博愛という肯定的な感情のどちらかを見出すかもしれない。このどちらかが強く感じられれば、人間を羊と山羊に分ける倫理を採用することを妨げるだろう。 しかし、感情が異なる人間との議論では、どちらも説得力を持つとは証明できない。 |
There is, to begin with, a prudential argument, which, however, is inadequate and somewhat superficial. It may be urged that hate generates hate, and that a world in which hate is encouraged will be so full of strife that nobody will be able to enjoy a good life. This contention is inadequate if the class of men to be hated is small and powerless, for example, if it consists of those who have committed some rare crime, say parricide. It is also superficial, since the good man will not shrink from virtuous actions merely on the ground that they will bring discomfort, unless he is already convinced that the opposite ought to be the aim of virtuous action. When we look for some more cogent refutation, we may find one which is intellectual or one which has its basis in our emotions. Intellectually, we may argue that “sin” is a mistaken conception, since every man’s acts are determined by his circumstances, over which he has only very partial control. (I shall examine this contention in the next chapter. ) Emotionally, we may find in ourselves either a negative feeling of impartiality or a positive feeling of universal benevolence; either of these, if strongly felt, will prevent us from adopting an ethic which divides mankind into sheep and goats. But neither can be proved cogent in arguments with a man whose emotions are different. |