第3章 進化 n.18 -ラマルクの学説
ライエル(Sir Charles Lyell, 1st Baronet、1797-1875:スコットランド出身の地質学者、近代的地質学の基礎となる斉一説を広めた人物で,ダーウィンの友人)の『地質学原理』は -本書は1830年に初めて出版され,地球や生命(の起源)は古いという証拠を力強く述べることによって(キリスト教)正統派の人たちの間に大きな叫び声(怒り)をひき起したが- それにもかかわらず,初期の版では,生物進化説(the hypothesis of organic evolution)に好意的でなく,ラマルクの理論に対する批判的議論を含んでいて,充分な科学的根拠によってそれを斥けている。ダーウインの「種の起源」(1859年刊)が現れた後に出版された後の版においては,進化論に用心深く(guardedly)賛成している。 |
Chapter 3: Evolution, n.18
The first biologist who gave prominence to the doctrine of evolution was Lamarck (1744-1829). His doctrines, however, failed to win acceptance, not only on account of the prejudice in favour of the immutability of species, but also because the mechanism of change which he suggested was not one which scientific men could accept. He believed that the production of a new organ in an animal's body results from its feeling a new want ; and also that what has been acquired by an individual in the course of its life is transmitted to its offspring. Without the second hypothesis, the first would have been useless as part of the explanation of evolution. Darwin, who rejected the first hypothesis as an important element in the development of new species, still accepted the second, though it had less prominence in his system than in Lamarck's. The second hypothesis, as to the inheritance of acquired characters, was vigorously denied by Weissmann, and, although the controversy still continues, the evidence is now overwhelming that, with possible rare exceptions, the only acquired characters that are inherited are those that affect the germ cells, which are very few. The Lamarckian mechanism of evolution cannot therefore be accepted. Lyell's Principles of Geology, first published in 1830, a book which, by its emphatic statement of the evidence for the antiquity of the earth and of life, caused a great outcry among the orthodox, was nevertheless not, in its earlier editions, favourable to the hypothesis of organic evolution. It contained a careful discussion of Lamarck’s theories, which it rejected on good scientific grounds. In later editions, published after the appearance of Darwin's Origin of Species (1859), the theory of evolution is guardedly favoured. |