第14章 競争, n.3 - 自由競争の結果としての独占
けれども,これは全ての形の競争にあてはまるものではない。なるほど,おおざっぱに言って,組織の規模が大きくなれば,それだけ効率の増大を引き起こす(means increase of efficiency)。従って,そこには二つの問題が残ったままである。第一の問題は,競争が技術的にみて浪費が多いのはどのような場合か? 第二の問題は,競争が非技術的な理由から望ましいのは,どのような場合か? である。 |
Chapter 14: Competition, n.3The freedoms desired by Liberals were achieved in America in the moment of winning independence ; in England, in the period from 1824 to 1846; in France in 1871 ; in Germany by stages from 1848 to 1918; in Italy in the Risorgimento; and even in Russia, for a moment, in the February Revolution. But the result was not quite what Liberals had intended; in industry, it bore more resemblance to the hostile prophecies of Marx. America, with the longest Liberal tradition, was the first to enter the stage of trusts, i.e., of monopolies not granted by the State, like those of earlier times, but resulting from the natural operation of competition. American liberalism was outraged, but impotent, and industrial development in other countries gradually followed the lead given by Rockefeller. It was discovered that competition, unless artificially maintained, brings about its own extinction by leading to the complete victory of some one among the competitors.This, however, is not true of all forms of competition. It is true, broadly speaking, where increase in the size of an organization means increase of efficiency. There remain, therefore, two questions : first, in what kinds of cases is competition technically wasteful? Secondly, in what cases is it desirable on non-technical grounds? |