バートランド・ラッセル『ヒューマン・ソサエティ-倫理学から政治学へ』第2部[「情熱の葛藤」- 第2章- Human Society in Ethics and Politics, 1954, Part II, chapter 3
* 原著:Human Society in Ethics and Politics, 1954* 邦訳書:バートランド・ラッセル(著),勝部真長・長谷川鑛平(共訳)『ヒューマン・ソサエティ-倫理学から政治学へ』(玉川大学出版部,1981年7月刊。268+x pp.)
『ヒューマン・ソサエティ』第2部「情熱の葛藤」- 第3章「先見思考と技術」n.15 |
Human Society in Ethics and Politics, 1954, part II: The Conflict of Passions, chapter 3: Forethought and Skill, n.15 | |||
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Let us now return to a question which was touched on earlier in this chapter: has the increase of intelligence, and especially of skill, increased or diminished the average happiness of mankind? It might have been expected that such a question could not reasonably be asked, for, since all skill consists in the discovery of easier ways to satisfy our desires, one might have supposed that of course increase of skill would mean lessening of labour and smoother roads to the fulfilment of our needs. But this, in fact, has not been the course of human history. New skills have not at first been equally the property of all men. They have almost always been monopolized by a minority, and that minority have used them to increase their control over other men. The consequence has been that, although the minority profited, the majority became more subject to the power of the few. Agriculture, by tying the cultivator to his plot of land, made it easy to enslave him, and produced, wherever it prevailed, a system of slavery or serfdom, which made the life of the cultivator of the soil far less free and far less happy than that of the nomad. Forethought produced governments and armies which established property rights favourable to the holders of power, and enabled them to live in luxury while the bulk of the population worked harder for less reward than in a more primitive state of affairs. A very similar process was repeated with the introduction of industrialism everywhere except in the United States. The beginnings of industrialism in Britain, France, Germany and, later, in Russia, China and Japan were harsh and cruel in the highest degree. Paradoxically, every “labour-saving” device increased the hours of labour, and diminished the wages paid for that labour. These unfortunate results were due everywhere to the uneven distribution of power. They are to be seen at their worst now in Communist countries, where power is more completely concentrated in the hands of a small minority than it is anywhere else. There is only one cure for these evils, and that is the more equal distribution of power throughout the whole community. |