バートランド・ラッセル『ヒューマン・ソサエティ-倫理学から政治学へ』8-2 - Human Society in Ethics and Politics, 1954
* 原著:Human Society in Ethics and Politics, 1954* 邦訳書:バートランド・ラッセル(著),勝部真長・長谷川鑛平(共訳)『ヒューマン・ソサエティ-倫理学から政治学へ』(玉川大学出版部,1981年7月刊。268+x pp.)
『ヒューマン・ソサエティ』第8章:倫理学上の論争 n.2 |
Human Society in Ethics and Politics, 1954, chapter 8: Ethical Controversy , n.2 | |||
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Political disagreements are often genuinely as to means, and still more often apparently so. Opinions for or against the gold standard are, as a rule, genuinely based on estimates of the merit or demerit of different currency systems considered as means. But when we come to such a question as (say) the 40-hour week, we find that men's views as to means depend upon what ends they value. Employers will say that production will be disastrously lowered by a reduction in the number of working hours, while statisticians who are friendly to labour will maintain that increased efficiency will prevent a diminution of output. It is obvious that there must be a certain number of hours per day which will produce the maximum output, and that this number must be greater than 0 and less than 24 (since a man must sleep and eat). In the hey-day of capitalism, employers thought 16 hours a day reasonable, but obviously this was an over-estimate. If labour were to become as omnipotent as capital was in the early nineteenth century, too low a figure would probably be put forward with equal confidence. This illustrates the rule that controversies as to matters of fact are very often due to an absence of disinterestedness in those who pretend to be ascertaining the facts. But where this happens it is because one side, or both, has or have aims that cannot be avowed, since the general public has an aim which both sides have to profess to be pursuing. From the point of view of the general public, which listens in bewilderment to the rival experts, the dispute is genuinely as to means, not as to ends. |