異常な心身状態における神秘的な悟り(松下彰良 訳
神秘主義的情緒は -正当な理由(根拠)のない信念(unwarranted beliefs)から解放され,人々に通常の生涯(人生)の仕事(ordinary business of life)から全く手を引かせてしまうほど極端なものでない場合,- 非常に高い価値を持つものを与えるかも知れない。(参考:All of the animals except for man know that the principle business of life is to enjoy it. 人間以外の動物は生涯の主な仕事は,それを楽しむ事だと知っている(サミュエル・バトラー)-それは,高度な形態においてであるが,冥想によって与えられるものと同じである。(心の)寛大さ(breadth),穏やかさ(calm)及び深さ(profundity)は全てこのような情緒に源泉を持っているかも知れない。そこに於ては,差当り,すべての我欲は死に,心は宇宙の広大さの鏡となる。このような経験を持ち,それが宇宙の本性と不可避的に結びついていると信じている人々は,おのずからこのような主張を固持する。私はこのような主張は本質的なものでないし,それらが真理であると信ずべき理由もないと思う。私は科学の方法以外に真理に達する方法を認めることは出来ない。しかし,感情の領域に於ては,宗教にまで高まる経験の価値を否定しない。それらは,多くの善なるものへ導くと同時に,誤った信仰と結びつくことにより多くの悪へも導いてきた。このような誤った結びつきから解放される時,善い信仰だけが残ることが期待されるにちがいない。 |
Chapter 7: Mysticism, n.10The certainty and partial unanimity of mystics is no conclusive reason for accepting their testimony on a matter of fact. The man of science, when he wishes others to see what he has seen, arranges his microscope or telescope ; that is to say, he makes changes in the external world, but demands of the observer only normal eyesight. The mystic, on the other hand, demands changes in the observer, by fasting, by breathing exercises, and by a careful abstention from external observation. (Some object to such discipline, and think that the mystic illumination cannot be artificially achieved ; from a scientific point of view, this makes their case more difficult to test than that of those who rely on yoga. But nearly all agree that fasting and an ascetic life are helpful.) We all know that opium, hashish, and alcohol produce certain effects on the observer, but as we do not think these effects admirable we take no account of them in our theory of the universe. They may even, sometimes, reveal fragments of truth ; but we do not regard them as sources of general wisdom. The drunkard who sees snakes does not imagine, afterwards, that he has had a revelation of a reality hidden from others, though some not wholly dissimilar belief must have given rise to the worship of Bacchus. In our own day, as William James related,(* See his Varieties of Religious Experience) there have been people who considered that the intoxication produced by laughing-gas revealed truths which are hidden at normal times. From a scientific point of view, we can make no distinction between the man who eats little and sees heaven and the man who drinks much and sees snakes. Each is in an abnormal physical condition, and therefore has abnormal perceptions. Normal perceptions, since they have to be useful in the struggle for life, must have some correspondence with fact ; but in abnormal perceptions there is no reason to expect such correspondence, and their testimony, therefore, cannot outweigh that of normal perception.The mystic emotion, if it is freed from unwarranted beliefs, and not so overwhelming as to remove a man wholly from the ordinary business of life, may give something of very great value - the same kind of thing, though in a heightened form, that is given by contemplation. Breadth and calm and profundity may all have their source in this emotion, in which, for the moment, all self-centred desire is dead, and the mind becomes a mirror for the vastness of the universe. Those who have had this experience, and believe it to be bound up unavoidably with assertions about the nature of the universe, naturally cling to these assertions. I believe myself that the assertions are inessential, and that there is no reason to believe them true. I cannot admit any method of arriving at truth except that of science, but in the realm of the emotions I do not deny the value of the experiences which have given rise to religion. Through association with false beliefs, they have led to much evil as well as good ; freed from this association, it may be hoped that the good alone will remain. |