第15章 権力と道徳律, n.28 - 予言者や聖人の非個人的な倫理
本章を,要約的な分析でもって,終わることにしよう。原始的社会の道徳律(掟)は,一般的に言って,それらの社会において,超自然的な起源を持っていると信じられている。(道徳律の)一部において(in part),このような信念の理由(信念が起こる理由)をまったく見つけることはできない。しかし、かなりの程度まで,その信念は,当該社会における権力の均衡(バランス)を表している。(つまり)(ギリシア神話などの)神々は(人間が)権力者に屈服することを義務だと考えるが,しかし,権力者も,反乱を引き起こすほど無慈悲であってはならない,と考える。けれども,予言者や聖人の影響のもと - 時には旧い道徳と併存して、時には旧い道徳にとって代わって - 新しい道徳が生じる。予言者や聖人は,ほとんど例外なく,権力以外のもの -たとえば,知恵や正義や普遍的な愛- を高く評価してきたのであり,そうして,人類の大半に対し,これらのものこそ個人の成功以上に追求する価値のあるものだと説得してきた(信じさせてきた)のである。予言者や聖人が変えたいと思っている社会制度の一部分(何らかの部分)のために苦しむ人々が,この予言者あるいは聖人の意見を支持するのには,個人的理由がある(のである)。その結果としておこる革命運動が抵抗し難いものとなるのは,この苦しむ人々の自己探求と予言者や聖人の非個人的な倫理とが合して一つになったときである。 |
Chapter 15: Power and Moral Codes, n.28The traditional moral rules that we considered at the beginning of this chapter -- filial piety, wifely submission, loyalty to kings, and so on -- have all decayed completely or partially. They may be succeeded, as in the Renaissance, by an absence of moral restraint, or, as in the Reformation, by a new code in many ways more strict than those that have become obsolete. Loyalty to the State plays a much larger part in positive morality in our time than it did formerly; this, of course, is the natural result of the increase in the power of the State. The parts of morals that are concerned with other groups, such as the family and the Church, have less control than they used to have; but I do not see any evidence that, on the balance, moral principles or moral sentiments have less influence over men's actions now than in the eighteenth century or the Middle Ages.Let us end this chapter with a summary analysis. The moral codes of primitive societies are generally believed, in those societies, to have a supernatural origin; in part, we can see no reason for this belief, but to a considerable extent it represents the balance of power in the community concerned: the gods consider submission to the powerful a duty, but the powerful must not be so ruthless as to rouse rebellion. Under the influence of prophets and sages, however, a new morality arises, sometimes side by side with the old one, sometimes in place of it. Prophets and sages, with few exceptions, have valued things other than power -- wisdom, justice, or universal love, for example -- and have persuaded large sections of mankind that these are aims more worthy to be pursued than personal success. Those who suffer by some part of the social system which the prophet or sage wishes to alter have personal reasons for supporting his opinion; it is the union of their self-seeking with his impersonal ethic that makes the resulting revolutionary movement irresistible. |