第9章 世論に対する力(世論に対する影響力) n.1 - 世論を形成するもの
しかし,このような見方は,半面の真理に過ぎない。というのは,そう言った見方は世論を引き起こす諸力を無視しているからである。世論は軍事力における不可欠の要素であるのは真実である一方,軍事力は世論を生みだしうることも等しく事実である。ほとんどいずれのヨーロッパの国も,16世紀末のヨーロッパの政府の宗教(国家宗教)を,現在,自国の(公認)宗教としており,これは,主として,数ケ国において,軍事力によって(宗教的)迫害と宣伝を取り締まったことに(その原因を)帰せなければならない。世論を精神的な原因のせいだと見なすのが伝統的である。しかし,これは直接的な原因についてだけあてはまることである。背景には,何らかの信条のための力(注:force in the service of some creed 信条に奉仕する力)が働いているのが通例である。 これに反して,信条というものは,最初はその意のままに力を持てるものではなく,広汎な世論を生みだす第一歩は,説得という手段のみによって,踏み出されなければならない(のである)。 |
Chapter IX: Power Over Opinion, n.1It is easy to make out a case for the view that opinion is omnipotent, and that all other forms of power are derived from it. Armies are useless unless the soldiers believe in the cause for which they are fighting, or, in the case of mercenaries, have confidence in the ability of their commander to lead them to victory. Law is impotent unless it is generally respected. Economic institutions depend upon respect for the law ; consider, for example, what would happen to banking if the average citizen had no objection to forgery. Religious opinion has often proved itself more powerful than the State. If, in any country, a large majority were in favour of Socialism, Capitalism would become unworkable. On such grounds it might be said that opinion is the ultimate power in social affairs.But this would be only a half-truth, since it ignores the forces which cause opinion. While it is true that opinion is an essential element in military force, it is equally true that military force may generate opinion. Almost every European country has, at this moment, the religion which was that of its government in the late sixteenth century, and this must be attributed mainly to the control of persecution and propaganda by means of the armed forces in the several countries. It is traditional to regard opinion as due to mental causes, but this is only true of the immediate causes : in the background, there is usually force in the service of some creed. Per contra, a creed never has force at its command to begin with, and the first steps in the production of a wide-spread opinion must be taken by means of persuasion alone. |