* 原著: The value of free thought; how to become a truth-seeker and break the chains of mental slavery, Aug. 1944)
* Repr. in: B. Russell on God and Religion, ed. by Al Seckel(Prometheus Books, 1986)
* 出典:牧野力(編)『ラッセル思想辞典』所収
「自由思想(自由な思考)」という表現は、しばしば単に支配的な伝統に反対することを意味するかのように使われる。・・・。しかし、自由思想の持ち主(自由思想家)と言われるためには、・・・自分の情熱にもとらわれてはならない。・・・。人を自由思想家にするものは、その人の信念(の内容)ではなく、信念を抱く方法である。
( The expression "free thought" is often used as if it meant merely opposition to the prevailing orthodoxy. ... To be worthy of the name, he must be free of two things: the force of tradition, and the tyranny of his own passions. ...)
...
Let us consider some of the arguments against free thought that are used by those who are not content with a mere appeal to prejudice.
There is first the appeal to modesty, which is used especially by the old in dealing with rebellious youth. Wise men throughout the ages, it is said, have all been agreed in upholding cetrtain great truths, and who are you to set yourself up against their unanimous testimony? If you are prepared to reject St. Paul and St Augusine will you be equally contemptuous of Plato and Aristotle? Or, if you despise all the ancient, what about Descartes and Spinoza, Kant and Hegel? Were they not great intellects, who probed matters more deeply than you can hope to do? ....
Christian orthodoxy, however, is no longer the chief danger to free thought. The greatest danger in our day comes from new religions, Communism and Nazism. To call these religions may perhaps be objectionable both to their friends and to their enemies, but in fact they have all the characteristics of religions. They advocate a way of life on the basis of irrational dogmas; they have a sacred history, a Messiah, and a priesthood. I do not see what more could be demanded to qualify a doctrine as a religion. But let us examine each of them a little more narrowly.
When I of communism in this connection, I do not mean the doctrine that men's goods ought to be held in common. This is an ancient doctrine, advo cated by Plato, apparently held by the primitive Church, revived constantly by religious sects during the middle ages, and condemned by one of the 39 Articles of the Church of England. With its truth or falsehood I am not concerned; what I am concerned